Consumer Buying Behaviour in Detergent Essay Example

Consumer Buying Behaviour in Detergent Essay A Study on performance analysis of the tirunelveli District co- operative milk producers union limited PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of commerce to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu. Researcher P. LAKSHMANAN Register No: 1181317 Under the Guidence of Dr. P. BALASUBRAMANIAN M. Com. ,M. Phil. ,Dip. in. Law. ,Ph. D. ,M. B. A. , 2012 – 2013 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE THE M. D. T. HINDU COLLEGE (ACCREDITED WITH B GRADE BY NAAC) Tirunelveli – 10. Department of Commerce The M. D. T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli – 11. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled â€Å"A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT CO – OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS UNION LIMITED† is a bonafide work of P. Lakshmanan under the guidance of Thiru. Dr. P. BALASUBRAMANIAN M. Com. ,M. Phil. ,Dip. in Law. ,Ph. D. ,M. B. A. , and his original submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master Degree of commerce. Thiru. T. S. Chelliah M. Com. ,M. Phil. ,Head of the DepartmentThe M. D. T. Hindu CollegeTirunelveli – 10. | Dr. P. Balasubramanian M. Com. ,M. Phil. ,Dip. in. law Ph. D. ,M. B. A. Factory guideThe M. D. T. Hindu CollegeTirunelveli – 10. | Internal ExaminerExternal Examiner P. LAKSHMANAN Master of commerce Reg. No: 1181317 Department of commerce The M. D. T. Hindu College, Tirunelveli – 627 010. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation for the Degree of Master of Commerce entitled â€Å"A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT CO – OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCER’S UNION LIMITED† is my original research work. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Buying Behaviour in Detergent specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Buying Behaviour in Detergent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Buying Behaviour in Detergent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It does not from part of any previous dissertations, thesis and reports Submitted to this university or any other universities. Date:Signature of the Candidate Place: (P. Lakshmanan) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I thank, God for giving me the wisdom to complete my project successfully. My special thanks all due to my parents to and relatives for giving me the opportunity to study my post Graduation. I express sincere and heartfelt thanks to our principal Dr. P. CHINNATHAMBI. M. A. (Eco) M. A. (GT) M. Phil. , Ph. D. Our esteemed Institution for permitting me do this project me do this project work. I am also grateful to the Head of the Department Thiru. T. S. CHELLIAH M. Com. , M. Phil. , for this encouragement and valuable suggestions in the completion of my Project work. I am also grateful Thiru. Dr. BALASUBRAMANIAN M. Com. , M. Phil. , Dip. in Law. , Ph. D. , M. B. A. , continues guidance and kind support in the Successful his conations of my Project. I express my hearful thanks to all my lectu rers for their kind support for completing my project work. P. LAKSHMANAN) CONTENTS CHAPTER NO| TITLE| | I. | INTRODUCTION| | II| LITERATURE WITH ITS IMPORTANT| | III| PROFILE OF THE TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS UNION LTD| | IV| ANALAYSIS amp; INTERPRETATION OF DATA| | V| FINDING amp; SUGGESTION| | VI| BIBLIOGRAPHY| | CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION OF MILK Indian economy is agriculturally predominant. About 40 percent of the contribution to national income comes from agriculture. 50 crore of population out of 100 crore are earning their livelihood from agriculture. People do not get employment in agriculture throughout the year due to its seasonal nature and hence a large section of the rural population remains poor still. Dairy industry provides good employment to the rural population. As an auxiliary occupation, it is next only to agriculture and weaving. Buffalo is the major source of milk in India whereas the cow is almost the major source of milk at the world level India accounts for almost one sixth of the cattle and half of the buffalo population of the world. The national Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was set up under the aegis of the inistry of agriculture and irrigation, Government of India in September 1965 under the society’s registration act 1860. Its Board of Directors including chairman is nominated by the president of India. The secretary of NDDB is the chief execution of the organization. Who is supported by professionals to carry out the Boards activities It promotes projects of general public utility as well as intern ational liaison with other national Diary Board and international agencies to facilitate the exchange of information for conducting research in the filed of dairying and animal husbandry. The package of services which the NDDB officers help in the creation of viable co-operative farmer’s organization ith facilities for procuring, processing and marketing of milk and milk products. The NDDB’s approach towards the modernization of dairying has been well accepted under India’s various five year plan and the world bank-aided projects in Indi and abroad. The Indian dairy industry is thus on the threshold of a new era of quantum jump in milk production, which would totally transform the dairy sector scenario to the rural masses in terms of higher income, improved amenities and better living. The establishments of a co-operative structure, which ensures a guaranteed market for the producer acts as an incentive for higher milk production and eliminates intermediaries in the milk trade being well organized, the milk producers, are able to burgain for a higher price line with increasing cost of production. But, the state governments in their anxiety to protect consumer interests act as a check against steep increases in price. Operation flood phase – I was originally designed to be implemented over a period of five year and launched on July 1, 1970, but it was extended till march 31, 1981 over 10 states, operation flood phase – II was launched on October 2, 1979 while operation flood Phase – I was still underway and concluded on march 31, 1985. Operation flood phase – II covered 22 states / union territories. Operation flood phase- III was started on April 1, 1985 to consolidate the extensive milk procurement, processing and marketing intra -structure crated under operation flood – I and operation flood – II in 23 states / union Territories and finally completed in march 31, 1996. The operation flood – I project had and initial outlay of Rs. 95. 4 crore which was later increased to Rs. 116. 4 crore. The operation flood – II programmed had an outlay of Rs. 458. 5 crore, whereas it was RS. 1303. 1 crore during operation flood – III programme. By the end of phase – III, 72. 5 thousand village level dairy co-operative societies (DCS’s) have been established in 170 milk sheds covering 267 districts in 23 states / union Territories of India from where milk is collected twice a day. Nearly 92. 6 lakh former members supply about 10. 99 million kg milk per day which is processed by 370 liquid milk processing plants and product factories under the organized sector in India. The average liquid milk marketed through milk co- operative by the end of operation flood phase – I was 27. lakh litre per day which increased to the level of 100. 2 lakh litre per day by the end of operation flood phase – III. The growth in annual milk procurement, average liquid milk marketed and liquid milk converted into milk products under operations flood programme extended the organized marketing of milk to cover 500 towns which include the development of procurement, processing and transportation facilities in the milk sheds . The basic infra – structure of milk processing capacity had increased substantially in the country over the various operation flood phases. Similarly, trends were also observed for technical inputs like a number of artificial insemination (A1) centers, and cattle feed capacity. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The need for co- operative dairying is justified on the grounds of protection to private milk producers from undue exploitation and unhealthy competition, members of milk producing society should be given facilities for selling their milk to their best possible advantages. Normally, the members are settled their dues after making unauthorized deduction. Adequate finance and credit facilities to the members for purchasing milk animals and their maintenance should be provided due to encouragement should be given their member to increase their production and to improve their quality. It is impossible for the individual members has storage facility and provision for standardization like grading, sampling amp; packing. Another hardship felt by the member with transporting of milk to the urban area. The above factors warranted to have centralized agency that to on co-operative basis. The Tirunelveli District co-operative milk producer’s union limited is a district level organization which provides necessary help to the individual members of co-operative society. The development of milk producer’s co-operative societies helps its members to improve their standard of living and help to market their milk is the urban area. The union is giving necessary facility to milk producer’s societies. The service of this union place and important role in bringing about the white revolution in Tirunelveli. As a resident of Tirunelveli, the researcher is interested on these organizations. Hence the study in the Economic Appraisal of the co- operative milk producers union is chose. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The following are objectives of this study: 1. To evaluate the performance of the union in terms of procurement of milk and sale of milk amp; milk products. 2. To analyze the profitability in terms of gross profit and gross profit ratio. 3. To examine major variables which contribute the profit or incur losses. 1. 4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study is limited to analyse the performance of the Tirunelveli district co-operative milk producer’s union Ltd only. The performance of the union was evaluated on the basis of available data No analysis is made and performance of milk producer’s societies and their members. This study is confined to the period of five years from 2007-2008 to 2011 2012. 1. 5 METHODOLOGY: To analyse the performance, both primary and secondary data have been used. The secondary data includes annual report, special report. Information regarding the volume of procurement and volume amp; value of different milk products etc. the profit and profitability were analysed on the basis of audited trading and profit amp; loss account of the co-operative union. Necessary statistical tools to evaluate the performance were used. Simple average to accounting ratios was used. Suitable diagrams and graphs were used after proper tabulation. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The researches felt that the time as the real constraint. The officials are reluctant to give full information, regarding procurement sales etc. the findings of this project would reflect this limitation. CHAPTER II LITERATURE WITH ITS IMPORTANT This chapter attempts a review of earlier studies which is an economic issues relavant to the research problem undertaken. It also present discussions of concepts provided which are use in the present study. 1. D. S. THAKAR had studied on â€Å"Impact of dairy development† through milk co-operatives in Kaira district of Gujarat has expressed that the milk co-operatives provide many facilities for the improvement of the economic conditions of village. In addition to the provision of technological inputs for milk production the co-operatives and also provide funds for the development of other facilities like road, water supply, school and other organization electrification and telephone connections in the villages. This we are been know that this, developments stands by the way of village development. 2. B. S. Babishkar in his study â€Å"Dairy Co-operatives and rural development in Gujarat have revealed that the dairy co-operative have brought many benefits to the milk producers in the villages like guaranteed market for milk at fixed price, supply of cattle, provision or regular veterinary services in the villages etc. â€Å"By so we are been able to know that veterinary services are properly brought in the villages for its development. . According to D. Nagambraham, Economic benefits accrued account of co-oprative dairying are clearly known through higher yield per milk animals, higher levels of milk production and dairy co-operatives at prices the village level, people started remunerative price received by milk producers with the advent of dairy co-operatives at prices the village level, people started demanding better than accepting whatever that are been offered villages by such again in momentary with this dairying work. . According to V. K. Agarwal Co-operative marketing not only strengthen the producer’s position as a seller and asures him of a regular trade, out let for getting better prices but also integrates marketing and production operations, reduces waste by preventing duplication of agencies and provide facilities for the improvement in the quality of dairy products. By so proper products are realable within the times if the people. 5. V. Kulandai Swamy in his book â€Å"Co-operative dairying in India† has dealt with economic, social and peripheral benefits as follows: a) The dairy co-operatives have the capacity to generate substantial employment opportunities in rural areas. b) The dairy co-operatives also build up substantial corporate assets which are the assets of the entire community. c) The successful working of dairy co-operative and their modernization influence the technical modernization of rural areas in a variety of ways. . R. L. Shiyani (1996) analyzed the topic of an economic inquiry into the impact of dairy co-operatives on milk production in the dry land area of saurashtra which would be useful not only to the co-operative section but also to the public and private sectors for, improving their efficiency. Four dairy co-operatives here are selected at random from their Junagath District co0operative milk producer were selected. From the villages covered by these co-operative. The total milk buffaloes and cows awarded by the members were 139 and 64 respectively, which the corresponding figures for non-members were 117 and 78. To examiner the impact of dairy co-operatives, the relevant data were collected and analyzed separately for there seasons such as rainy season (July to October), winter season (November to February) and summer seasons (March to June). The survey covered the agricultural year 1992 – 93. By so it is clearly known that even dry areas could be properly development this diaring. 7. K. SreeDevi (1996) analyzed the role and impact of milk co-operatives on production of milk. An investigation was carried out in Tanali division of Guntur district in Andhara Pradesh which was purposively selected. A sample of 60 members and 60 non-members were selected from four village milk co-operative societies, by using random sampling technique. The survey method was adopted for collecting the data. Conventional analysis and cob – douglas type of production function were used ruler analysis we can found that Guntur, which is a dry district can be well developed than this. . N. M. Jnamke, et al 17 (1989), examined the procurement and sale of milk by dairy co-operative societies and factor affecting their profit. The results revealed that the per month milk collection and sale by the medium size societies were twice as those of small. Size societies, while the large – size societies had four times more than the terms over than medium size societies. The results of the co-efficient of variation analysis showed that there more regular milk collection in large – size societies as compared to medium and small – size societies. The multiple regression analysis indicated that even a increase in milk commission, cattle feed, trading, profit and operating expenses tended to increase the profit. 9. S. S. Chahal 24 (1996), examined the role of co-operatives in marketing of milk in Punjab. The study was based on the data collected from 130 members of milk producer’s co-operative societies (MPCS) of co-operative milk plant, 90 milk sellers who sold milk to centers attached to private milk: vendors, sweet shops and local consumers. It was found that 73 percent of the milk was purchased by agencies other than the milk co-operative societies in rural Punjab. An Examination he was able to provide that even co-operatives can earn good conduct the this. 10. B. S. Tomer 26 (1996), examined the extent of marketing and processing of milk through co-operatives in Harayana state and studies the marketing costs, the margins through private trade and co-operatives. The study revealed that the state produced about 110 lakh littered of milk: per day and the marketable surplus of milk was estimated as 28 lakh litters of milk: a day in 1994 – 95. The procurement of milk through co-operative societies for its marketing and processing was only Meagre_of the total milk production. A reviews of the studies mentioned above reveal that the main focus is on the over all development of the village offering push to productivity, marketing and infrastructural facilities in the villages. The present study is only an examination and analysis of the Tirunelveli district co-operative milk producer’s union ltd. CHAPTER – III PROFILE OF THE TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCER’S UNION LTD 3. 1. INTRODUCTION: A study of the performance evaluation of the Tirunelveli District co-operative milk producer’s union ltd embraces its formation, size and quantum of milk procured and sold and its performance for the part 5 years from 2007 – 2008 to 2011 – 2012. 3. 2. MILK CO-OPERATIVES IN INDIA: The dairy co-operatives, being an integral part of the operation flood programme, have played a major role in the production and marketing of milk. For a long period, dairy farming in India was characterized by the dominance of small marginal formers, scattered production inadequate marketing channels, lack of modem inputs and facilities for product transformation. It was an auxiliary source of income to the formers. The marketing of milk was represented by unorganized private traders who turned milk – trading into an exploitative activity. The economic importance of dairy forming was felt only after success of kaira district co- operative milk producer’s union, Anand (populary known as AMYL) in 1949. The number of dairy societies rises from 2007 in 1970 to 61,000 by the end of 1990 with 174 milk union and 8. 23 million litre of dairy milk sales. At present about 80 percent of the milk handle by the organized sector is through co-operatives. 3. 3. DAIRY CO – OPERATIVES IN TAMILNADU: In Tamil Nadu milk co-operatives were organized by the state co-operatives department in 1920. India’s fist co-operative dairy with processing and marketing facilities was established at Ayyanavaram in Madras city in 1927. This was followed by the establishment of milk co-operative at Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy, Tajnore, Ooty, Cuddlore and other parts of Tamil Nadu. In 1958 the Dairy Development co-operatives was established. It embarked upon large scale dairy development activities with the aid from New Zealand and under Colombo plan, in 1963 a cattle clony at Madhavaram and also a dairy co operative factory to process fifty thousand liters of milk per day was established. Later another dairy co – operative society to handle fifty thousand liters of milk per day was established at Madurai in 1967, with the assistance from United Nations children’s fund (UNICEF). Further a large number of chilling centers were also established and organized marketing of milk was under taken at madras and Madurai cities. In 1972 the Tamil Nadu Dairy Development Co-operation was setup and it took over all the commercial activities of the state dairy development. In 1978, as per the policy decision taken by the government of TamilNadu, a three their co-operative structure was evolved consequently an apex federation known as Tamil Nadu co-operative milk federation was fonned on 1st Feb 1981. I took over the activities of the Tamil Nadu fairy development corporation. In later years the number of co-operative milk producer’s societies at the village level, co – operative milk producer’s federation at the state level were organized. At present in Tamil Nadu about six. leen district co-operative milk producer’s union is one of the sixteen selected for this study. 3. 4 PROFILE OF THE CASE UNIT A detailed profile of Tirunelveli district co-operative milk producer’s union ltd is given in the following headings. 3. 4. 1 REGISTRATION: The Tirunelveli district co-operative milk producer’s union was registered on 30th August 1982 and it started functioning from 01. 01. 1983 with the assets and liabilities transferred as such from the Tamil Nadu Co-operative milk producer’s federation under Madurai unit. 3. 4. 2 LOCATION The Tirunelveli district co – operative milk producer’s union ltd established in Reddiarpatti road, it covers 17, 19 acre i. e. (71, 978 square meter). 3. 4. 5. MEMBERSHIP OF THE UNION: The membership of the union consists of registered milk producer’s societies in the area of operation of the union, Primary milk supply societies functioning in the area of operation of the union can also be admitted as members subject to the condition that they agree to covert themselves as producers. Similarity persons dealing with whom the union has financial and business dealings may also be admitted by the board as associate members of the union. Each associate member shall not be required to hold the shared but shall have to pay an associate fee of ten rupees. The table given below shows the membership during the study period. TABLE 3. 1 MEMBERSHIP Year| Members (In Lakhs)| 2007-2008| 1. 16| 2008-2009| 1. 16| 2009-2010| 1. 16| 2010-2011| 1. 08| 2011-2012| 1. 06| CHART : 3. 1. 1 3. 4. 6 NUMBER OF PRIMARY SOCIETIES The information regarding the number of primary societies is given in the following. TABLE 3. 2 CO- OPERATIVE SOCIETIES Year| No. of co-operatives societives| 2007-2008| 1. 16| 2008-2009| 1. 16| 2009-2010| 1. 16| 2010-2011| 1. 08| 011-2012| 1. 06| At present the union has three hundred and eighty two primary co-operative societies. CHART : 3. 2. 1 CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES 3. 4. 7. CAPITAL At present capital consists of the share contributed by the producer’s Societies and the government of Tamil Nadu. Societies contributed as share capital Rs. 7,61,709 and the Tamil Nadu government contributed Rs. 3. 16,76,890 towards share capital. 3. 4. 8 EMPLOYEES At present in these union 269 employees are working at various levels in various sections such as production amp; input, administration, dairying, marketing, finance amp; accounts. 3. . 9 PRODUCTS: The products includes milk, butter, ghee, flavoured milk, curd butter milk, milk peda, cream, ice cream and skimmed milk powder and also purchased the product from other union and sell it. They are mysorepa, badam mix, flavoured (mavin), S. M. (tetra). 3. 4. 10. TYPES OF MILK: The following table shows the different of milk made by the union. TABLE 3. 4. 1 TYPES OF MILKS S. NO. | PARTICULARS | FAT| S. N. F| 1. | Special Toned Milk| 3. 5%| 8. 5%| 2. | Standardized Milk| 4. 5%| 8. 5%| 3. | Homogenized pasteurized milk (purchased from Salem union)| 6%| 9%| 3. 4. 11 PRICE LIST OF THE PRODUCT The following tables shows the price list of the different product. TABLE 3. 4. 2 PRICE LIST S. No. | Particulars| Retail Price| M. R. P| 1. | Special Toned Milk| 26. 25| 26. 75| 2. | Standardised Milk| 26. 60| 27. 00| 3. | Homogenised pasteurized Milk| | 29. 00| 4. | Butter 500gm| | 85. 00| 5. | Ghee 200 gm| 39. 70| 43. 00| 6. | Ghee 500 gm| 87. 51| 95. 00| 7. | Ghee 1 kg pet jar| 180. 51| 195. 00| 8. | Ghee 15kg pet jar| | 3120. 00| 9. | Milk peda 50 gm| 7. 77| 8. 00| 10. | Milk peda 100 gm| 15. 55| 16. 00| 11. | Flavoured milk 200 ml| 16. 90| 18. 00| 12. | C. Butter 500 gm| 83. 72| 85. 00| 13. | Mysorepa 250ml| 43. 02| 45. 00| 4. | Badam Mix 200ml| 37. 65| 40. 00| 15. | F. M (Tetra) 100ml| 30. 18| 32. 00| 16. | F. M (T) 200ml| 16. 69| 18. 00| 17. | F. M (Mavin) 200ml| 14. 83| 16. 00| 3. 4. 12 CAPACITY The union has a capacity of one lakh litres (litres per day). Milk procures from the respective chilling center through 20 milk collection routes with the help of 10 milk procurement teams. The following table show the average milk collection during the year 2012. TABLE 3. 5 MILK PROCUREMENT Dairy C/c| CapacityLPD| No. of routes| No. of Societies| Average milk collection LPD| Tirunelveli Dairy| 50000| 7| 135| 25000| Sankarankovil c/c| 30000| 4| 90| 20000| Valliyoor c/c| 20000| 4| 70| 15000| Kovilpatti c/c| 10000| 3| 42| 3000| Sankarankovil c/c| 10000| 2| 45| 7000| Total| 120000| 20| 382| 70000| 3. 4. 13 AREA OF OPERATION The Tirunelveli district c-operative milk producers union ltd covers both Tirunelveli and Tuticorin districts. These districts have 10067 Revenue villages of which 773 revenue villages are covered under this union. The union covers 18 taluks and 31 blocks. The milk to be sold through 11 mil distributes routes. 3. 4. 14 PROCUREMENT AND SELLING PRICE The procurement and selling price are fixed by the government on the basis of fat and SNF (Solid Not Fat) Rate = Fat x SNF x Quantity TABLE NO. 3. 6 PROCUREMENT COST AND SELLING PRICE S. No. | Particulars| Fat| SNF| Procurement cost (Rs per litre)| Selling Price (Rs. per litre)| 1| Special toned Milk| 3. 5%| 8. 5%| 23. 00| 26. 25| 2| Standardized Milk| 4. 5%| 8. 5%| 23. 40| 26. 60| 3| Homogenized Milk| 6. 0%| 9. 0%| 23. 67| 29. 00| 3. 4. 15 DISTRIBUTION The Tirunelveli District co-operative milk producer’s union it has sold its products in the following ways. TABLE: 3. 7 DISTRIBUTION S. No. | Particulars| Tirunelveli| Tuticorin| Total| 1| Direct Sales a) Milk Booths b) Milk Parlors| 89| 12| 911| 2| Agents| 38| 35| 73| | Association| 10| 6| 16| 4| Co-Operative Society| 4| 2| 6| 5| Institution| 20| 5| 25| 6| Other union| 1| -| 1| | Total| 90| 51| 141| 3. 4. 16 CATTLE POPULATION At present the union has a total animal population of 51, 524 out of which 41,224 white cattle’s (cows) and 10,300 are as buffaloes. The following table shows the cattle population during this study pe riod. TABLE: 3. 8 CATTLE POPULATION Year| Cows| Buffalos| Total| 2007-2008| 42,806| 10,900| 53,706| 2008-2009| 43,200| 11,150| 54,350| 2009-2010| 42,640| 10,760| 53,400| 2010-2011| 42,051| 10,533| 52,584| 2011-2012| 41,066| 10,215| 51,281| CHART : 3. 8. 1 MEMBERSHIP CATTLE POPULATION CHAPTER –IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 4. 1 INTRODUCTION The success of any concern depends on its generation of profits. The Tirunelveli district co-operative milk producer’s union limited is not a profit motive organization. This union is catering to the needs of small milk producers and supplying hygienic milk to the consumers. Though this union is a non – profit motive organization, if it is able to generate profit, it improves its capital investment. In this chapter the performance of the union is evaluated in terms of sales volume, purchases, gross profit, net profit etc. 4. 2 SALES: One of the factors which improve the net profit is the sales volume. Greater the sales volume greater the profit. The union incurs the expenses till it ales. From the sales effect alone the union can recover the cost. Any amount released over and above the cost it earns profit. A concern is assumed to be sound when it is able to sell, the goods collected and manufactured. The Sales volume of the union is shown in the following table. TABLE 4. 1 TOTAL SALES Year| Amount| Trend Percentage| 2007-2008| 26,87,50,285| 100| 2008-2009| 29,54,11,229| 109. 92| 2009-2010| 29,20,74,012| 108. 18| 2010-2011| 26,92,32,714| 100. 18| 011-2012| 23,72,47,473| 88. 28| The above tables shows that the total sales value stood at Rs. 26. 87 crores in 2007 – 2008 in the next year there was an increase of 2. 67 crores which accounted to 9. 9% increased. The lowest volume of sale during the study period was 2011 – 2012. A lnixed trends in the sales value had been noticed during the study period. The sale value included the sales of different products. The product includes milk, flavoured milk, butter, ghee, milk powder and other items like milk peda, cream, curd and butter milk etc, the itemized sales of different products are analyzed in the following paragraph. . 3 MILK: The union sells primarily the milk procured from the small milk producers and other unions. The selling price per litre prevails at Rs. 26 per litre. In the Table given below the volume of sales in litres was given. TABLE NO. 4. 2 SALES VOLUME OF MILK Year| Ltr (in crors)| 2007-2008| 1. 59| 2008-2009| 1. 34| 2009-2010| 1. 16| 2010-2011| 1. 01| 2011-2012| 1. 00| The above table showed that a consistent decline in the volume of sales of milk was noticed. The maximum volume of sales of milk stood at 1. 59 crores litres in 2007 – 2008 the decline of 0. 25 crores of litres was noted in each of the following two years. The same volume was maintained in the last year of the study period. From the official of the union, the researcher came to understand that the growth of production of milk by non member who undertake their own vending was the reason for consistent decline in the sales volume milk From this, it was understood that private milk vending entrepreneurs were the main competitors for the union. The average milk sales in litre per day ranged from 43572 to 27321 litres. The table given below shows the sales value of milk during the study period. CHART : 4. 2. 1 SALES VOLUME OF MILK TABLE NO. 4. 3 SALES VALUE OF MILK Year| Amount (Rs. In Coroes)| Share in % on total sales| 2007-2008| 20. 67| 76. 93| 2008-2009| 17. 4| 58. 98| 2009-2010| 15. 1| 51. 71| 2010-2011| 13. 1| 48. 70| 2011-2012| 13. 00| 54. 85| The consistent decline in the sales value of milk during the study period as coincided with consistent decline in the sales volume. The share of milk sales in total sales was accounted to 77% in 2007 – 2008. A sudden fall by 18% in the share of milk was noted in 2008 – 2009. In the third year the share of milk sales declined to 51. 71% further decline by 3% in the total share was noticed in 2009 – 2010. The slight improvement in the share of milk sales with the total sales by 6% was noticed in the last year of the study period. Chart : 4. 3. 1 SALES VALUE OF MILK 4. 4 PEAK MONTH OF SALE OF MILK A researcher wanted to know the pea month of sales of milk. Therefore the average daily sales of the basis of 5 year were computed and they are presented in the following table. TABLE NO. 4. 4 AVERAGE DAILY SALES Month| Quantity (in Ltrs)| April| 34,384| May| 34,574| June| 35,254| July| 34,993| August| 34,979| September| 35,061| October| 32,840| November| 32,408| December| 31,945| January| 31,391| February| 31,744| March| 30,845| From the above table it is understood that the peak. Month of milk consumption are June and September. June Covers Vaikasi and Aani in Tamil minths and August covers Aavani. These months are noted for marriages and other functions. The other peak months are April, May, July and August. From this, it inferred that there is correlation between auspicious months and milk consumption. 4. 5 BUTTER: Next to the main product of milk, sale of Butter and Ghee has commercial importance. While processing the milk, butter is extracted. It also procures butter form other unions. This union has a considerable sale of butter. The contains information regarding the sales value of butter. TABLE NO. 4. 5 SALE VALUE OF BUTTER Year| Amount (Rs. In crores)| Share in % on total Sales| 2007 – 2008| 3. 65| 13. 58| 2008-2009| 6. 7| 22. 71| 2009-2010| 7. 6| 26. 03| 2010-2011| 7. 8| 28. 99| 2011-2012| 6. 0| 25. 32| From the above table it is understood that a consistent increase in the trend of sale of butter had been register during the study period except for the year 2011 – 2012. It is noticed that the sales value of butter roughly doubled in 2008 – 2009 has compared to 2007 – 2008. In the next 2 years the average sales value stood at 7. 7 crores. In the last a sudden decline in the sale value by 1. 8 crores was noted. Nowadays the consumers had greater demand for the union’s butter and ghee. The share of sales value of butter in the total sale value range between 13. 58% and 28. 99% A perfect correlation in the sales value of butter and its share in the total value were noticed. 4. 6 FLAVOURED MILK: On the basis of commercial importance flaboured milk ranks third. The unsold procured milk is converted into flavoured milk powder and milk products. Nowadays flavoured milk from this union is becoming popular among the people. The information

John and Teresa bought Blueacre Essays

John and Teresa bought Blueacre Essays John and Teresa bought Blueacre Essay John and Teresa bought Blueacre Essay John and Teresa bought Blueacre. They are hence regarded as co-owners of the belongings. There are two chief signifiers of co-ownership. John and Teresa can keep the belongings either as joint renters or renters in common. Differentiation separates between the two types of co-ownership. One differentiation is the mode of creative activity and the 2nd is that joint occupancy is recognised as jurisprudence while occupancy in common operates in equity. A 3rd differentiation respects degeneration of belongings on decease of either Teresa or toilet. Joint occupancy simplicities estate dealing because figure owner of estate lessenings on decease. It is a signifier of ownership that jurisprudence favor. Occupancy in common on the other manus obtains favour in equity. The figure of estate owner addition on decease. Personal representatives of asleep renter are entitled to the deceased portion. In joint occupancy, renters hold the legal involvement in the estate jointly. On death of one of the renters, the lasting renter will automatically take the portion of the asleep renter. This is one of the exclusions of degeneration of estate without demand of a will. Thus, joint occupancy can non be severed by a will. Solicitors outlining a will must guarantee that the gift of belongings can go through under the will. The canvasser must break up joint occupancy before put to deathing the will. Failure of gift due to skip of the canvasser makes him apt in carelessness [ 1 ] . On the other manus, occupancy in common operates in equity and oblige a trust of belongings in favor of other renters keeping good involvement in belongings. Interest of deceased renter in the belongings will go through to his personal representatives. A differentiation in formation of joint renter and a renter in common will be conducted. A joint occupancy can be created where there is nil incompatible with its creative activity. Basically, there must be nil in renters act and behavior to propose that they intend to keep distinguishable involvement from each other. Besides, the undermentioned integrities must be applicable to obtaining rubric: Time: The involvement of the co-owners must enthrone at the same clip. Therefore, where two people obtain the same belongings at the same clip, there will be said to be integrity of clip. Basically, John and Teresa in this instance look to hold acquired involvement in Blueacre at the same clip. Title: Where the co-owners obtained rubric by the same agencies and by virtuousness of the same papers there will be unity if rubric. The co-owners must hold acquired their rubric by virtuousness of the same mode of geting ownership [ 2 ] . In this instance, it appears that rubric in Blueacre was transferred to Teresa and John by virtuousness of the same papers. Interest: Another component of joint occupancy is that the co-owners must hold indistinguishable involvement in the belongings. In this instance, Teresa and John involvement in Blueacre is indistinguishable. They can both separately exercising claim and control to the whole of the belongings. It is difficult to see any difference in the rubric held by either of them. Possession: Co-owners must hold equal right to ownership of the full belongings without any disaffection of portion of the belongings entirely to the sole ownership of any of the co-owners. Joint renters enjoy ownership of the whole belongings together [ 3 ] . The regulations sing creative activity of joint occupancy are rigorous. It must follow with the four unites explained above and there must non be any act inconsistent with creative activity a joint occupancy. Any act either by words or actions which tend to set up separate involvement to belongings will contradict the decision that a joint occupancy is created. The tribunals held the undermentioned words to contradict the creative activity of a joint occupancy [ 4 ] . Between’ [ 5 ] , to divide between’ [ 6 ] , share and portion alike’ [ 7 ] , equally’ [ 8 ] . Occupancy in common is preserved by the subdivision 36 ( 2 ) Law of Property Act 1925. This provides that no rupture of a joint occupancy of a legal estate, so as to make a occupancy in common in land, shall be allowable, whether by operation of jurisprudence or otherwise, but this subdivision does non impact the right of a joint renter to let go of his involvement to the other joint renters, or the right to break up a joint occupancy in an just involvement whether or non the legal estate is vested in the joint renters: Provided that, where a legal estate ( non being settled land ) is vested in joint renters beneficially, and any renter desires to break up the joint occupancy in equity, he shall give to the other joint renters a notice in composing of such desire or make such other Acts of the Apostless or things as would, in the instance of personal estate, have been effective to break up the occupancy in equity, †¦.. The consequence of this subdivision is that although it is non allowable to break up legal articulation renter, it is still possible for the just occupancy in common to run. The subdivision besides introduced serverance by manner if notice. Finally, the subdivision continue the earlier method of rupture of joint occupancy. As opposed to joint occupancy, occupancy in common is non every bit perfect as joint occupancy and all that is required is merely the integrity of ownership of the belongings. Therefore, there is no demand that the other integrities be present in a occupancy in common. Besides, when the four integrities are present as in joint occupancy, it may still represent a occupancy in common where there is clear purpose by the renters to handle their involvement in the belongings as separate. Furthermore, where the renters make unequal parts towards the purchase of the belongings, there is a rebuttable given that the parties intend to make occupancy in common. Besides, where the belongings is a commercial belongings, the right of survivorship will be unequal in commercial investing in belongings. However, the four integrities are present in Teresa and John’s ownership of Blueacre . They both obtained and exercised ownership to the whole belongings. They both enjoyed indistinguishable involvement to the belongings. They both acquired involvement to the belongings at the same clip and eventually, they acquired their rubric to the belongings by the same means. Finally, there is nil incompatible with creative activity of a joint occupancy in their instance. Therefore, their ownership of Blueacre will be as joint renters. The temperament by Teresa’s will of her involvement in Blueacre to the kids has no consequence. This is because John has right of subsister in the estate and joint occupancy can non be severed by a will. The right to survivorship is a legal devise towards easing temperament of estate. Rupture of joint occupancy must be in conformity to jurisprudence. There are assorted methods of break uping a joint occupancy. The simplest method is by notice created by subdivision 36 ( 2 ) LPA 1925. The notice where sent by station, must be registered and served. For service to be effectual, it must be posted to the aforementioned topographic point of residence or concern, office, or counting-house, and if that missive is non returned undelivered ; and that service shall be deemed to be made at the clip at which the registered missive would in the ordinary class be delivered. [ 9 ] The tribunal inWilliams V. Hensman[ 10 ] identified three methods of break uping a joint occupancy. These are: Act of anyone of the individuals interested runing upon his ain portion. InFirst National Securities V. Hegarty[ 11 ] , the hubby purported to mortgage the belongings by hammering the signature of his married woman. The tribunal treated this as break uping the joint occupancy and the mortgage operated as a charge on the husband’s involvement in the belongings. Common understanding. Joint occupancy can be severed by understanding. This understanding may be expressed or implied from the behavior of the parties. InBurgess V. Rawnsley[ 12 ] , the claimant and the suspect bought a belongings and each contributed every bit towards the purchase monetary value. The claimant claimed that the belongings was bought as a household house since he had purported to suggest matrimony to the suspect. The suspect was minded to populate in the upstairs flat and the claimant ever lived in the downstairs. It was besides accepted in grounds that the suspect had antecedently agreed to sell her portion of the belongings to the claimant which she later refused. On decease of the suspect, the complainant claimed as the subsister of joint occupancy. The tribunal held that there was no common intent and there was a resulting trust in favor of defendant’s personal representatives. Course of covering sufficient to adumbrate that the involvements of all were reciprocally treated as representing a occupancy in common. InBurgess V. Rawnsley[ 13 ] , the tribunal besides held that negotiations which, although non otherwise ensuing in any understanding, indicate a common purpose that the joint occupancy should be regarded as severed [ 14 ] Forfeit. This is where one of the joint renters engages in dangerous offense. For case where lasting renter kills the other renter. The rule is that offenders must non profit from their incorrect. InDunbar V Plant[ 15 ] , here, the plaintiff’s boy and the suspect had planned to acquire married and when there was allegation of fraud against one of the twosome, they planned joint self-destruction. The suspect survived and her lover died. The tribunal held that the suspect had aided, abetted and counselled the deceased’s self-destruction and as such the forfeiture regulation applied to break up the joint occupancy. InCarr and others V. Isard and another[ 16 ] , the first claimant was the senior girl of T and G. The first suspect was the girl of the younger girl of T and G. T and G bought a belongings as joint renter. Both T and G made volitions made by the same house of canvassers in 1967 but there was no grounds that they were both cognizant of the fact that the other party made a will. The term of G’s will was that the belongings should travel to T for life and balance to the first defendant’s female parent and if she predeceased G to the 2nd claimant. Thymine by his will bequest to G for life and the balance to first defendant’s female parent and if she predeceases G, to the first suspect. T died go forthing a will dated 23 November 1977 well the same as the 1967 will. G dies in 2000 go forthing a will dated 26 January 1996 different in footings as the 1967 will. The tribunal held that there is no grounds that T and G communicated their purpose to break up the joint occupancy. Consequently, the term of the 1967 will does non so break up the joint occupancy. The purpose to break up the will must be ambiguous from the act of the parties and they must hold been cognizant of the Acts of the Apostless break uping the joint occupancy. Making a will without the other party’s cognition is non plenty to break up joint occupancy. Therefore, unless Teresa severed the joint occupancy by notice or understanding, temperaments of her portion in Blueacre every bit between the kids has no consequence. John has right to survivorship in Blueacre . However, if John and Teresa had visited the canvasser together to do Teresa’s will and John had cognition that she disposed of Blueacre in mode incompatible with joint occupancy. Therefore, the joint occupancy would severe by mutualness of understanding. The fact the John’s consciousness of the mutual exclusiveness is overriding. This means that Teresa’s temperament in her will must be given consequence to and her involvement in Blueacre would travel to her donees. The same decision will avail if they both made volitions incompatible with a joint occupancy and they are both cognizant of the fact of the mutual exclusiveness. The fact in this scenario will be the same with that inWoolnough, Re, Perkins V Borden[ 17 ] , Len and Emmy owned belongings as joint renters. They both went to solicitor fain of the belongings by will. The issue before the tribunal was whether or non the joint renter had been severed. The tribunal held that the devising of two volitions is inconsistent with the continuation of the joint occupancy. Bibliography Cases: Bull V. Bull ( 1955 ) 1 QB 234 Burgess V. Rawnsley ( 1975 ) 1 Ch 429 Carr and others V. Isard and another ( 2006 ) ALL ER ( D ) 343 Dunbar V Plant ( 1989 ) FLR 157 First National Securities V. Hegarty ( 1984 ) 1 ALL ER 139 Heathe V. Heathe ( 1740 ) 2 Atk 121 Lashbrook V. Cock ( 1816 ) 2 Mer 70 Lewen V. Dodd ( 1595 ) Cro Eliz 443 Peat V. Chapman ( 1750 ) 1 Ves Sen 542 Woolnough, Re, Perkins V Borden ( 2002 ) WTLR 595 Legislative acts: Law of Property Act 1925 Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act ( TOLATA ) 1996 Textbooks: Barlow, King A ; King, Wills, Administration and revenue enhancement: A practical Guide Sweet A ; Maxwell 8ThursdayEdition Judith-Anne Mackenzie A ; Mary Phillips, Textbook on Land Law, Oxford University Press 12ThursdayEdition.

Catholic magisterial teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catholic magisterial teaching - Essay Example Conscience guides man on what to do and what not to do and since it is the voice of God it will always lead us in doing what I righteous. God created all human beings in his own image, and He requires us to love him and also love our neighbours. With love, we will think well of others, with love we cannot kill, steal, take bribes or favour individuals based on either their race, ethnic group or any other classification. Conscience brings together people from different parts of the world in the search of the truth hence strengthening their social relationships, and more so creates peace and coherence. It is through these interactions and conscience that people develops norms of morality that guide them no matter their geographical location and hence in the long run the whole world is united and guided by laws that uphold respect for others. In conclusion, it is evident that these teachings from the Gaudium et Spes are critical if put into place. They will increase peace and love for o thers and remove selfishness and hence will lead to equitable distribution of wealth and access to employment as human beings see each other as being equal and important in the eyes of God (Paul VI Ch. 1). The church and other Christian organization should continue to act as patrons to the poor. According to the Gaudium et Spes Chapter 4 Section 42, it is the role of the church to create works like charity to benefit the poor people in the society. The aim of the church is to unite the human race, and this can only be achieved by addressing the particular needs of the people. The church also aims at doing what is useful to other people, and this creates an obligation of meeting the needs of the poor people in the society. The church emulates Christ and in bringing unity and strengthening of the human family and this can only be achieved by meeting the needs of the members. The church believes that the social

International Etiquette Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Etiquette Paper - Essay Example In-spite of having a well known government, the country was considered powerless during the period of 1912-1949. However, the dominance of the country in the Second World War against the Japanese smoothens the way for China to become a powerful nation. After that period, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the communist party formed PRC. Hence, with the changing time frame, the country established itself as amid the super powers of the globe (The Ohio State University, â€Å"Part 2: Themes in Chinese History†). Business in China is quite different from other nations of the globe. People in this part of the world focus more on conducting business by building effectual relationship. The people of the country provide maximum value to punctuality. Both English and Chinese languages are widely used in this nation while conducting business (The Canadian Trade Commission Service, â€Å"Business Etiquette in China†). In China, business and works are not conducted on national holidays of the nation. The regular business hours in the country ranges from 7-8 hours each day from Monday to Friday and Saturdays along with Sundays considered as off days. The standard operational hours of business comprise 08 hours to 1800 hours each day with lunch period ranging in between 1200 hours to 1400 hours (Travel China Guide, â€Å"Business Hours in China†). In order to analyze this particular section, it can be affirmed that it is quite important that people end or disconnect their phone calls politely while being in a business meeting or having an important conversation regarding business. However, maintaining contacts through emails, phones and fax is highly appreciated by business group of people in China (Travel China Guide, â€Å"Business Hours in China†). As mentioned above, business people in China values maximum punctuality especially when participating or attending in any sort of meeting. Being on time for having business related conversations or

MBNQA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MBNQA - Assignment Example This is by carrying out focus groups, gathering data from web users and analyzing trends of the call center. The Access Center established by AtlantiCare in 2006 is a good example of the benefits used in overcoming the challenges. The Center was established after a research conducted by a focus group stated that customers were frustrated when navigating and using the health care system (Duarte, Goodson & Dougherty, 2014, pg. 27). This effective approach resulted in AtlantiCare increasing its revenues, getting a high market share and increased satisfaction from their customers. Other organizations can learn that providing quality and constant improvement in the health care field is vital. These organizations need to make sure that their customers are well satisfied and served according to the needs they have. Moreover, offering effective healthcare is necessary. These organizations should realize that they need to improve community wellness and health by offering better services. Additionally, by training and recruiting well and qualified staff will enhance performance in these organizations as seen in AtlantiCare. Duarte, N. T., Goodson, J. R., & Dougherty, T. M. P. (2014). Managing innovation in hospitals and health systems: Lessons from the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Winners. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 7(1),

The Pragmatic Theory Of Truth William James

The Pragmatic Theory Of Truth William James The Pragmatic theory of truth is made up of the accounts, definitions, and theories of the concept truth that distinguish the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism. This concept of truth is the subject of many great thinkers ideas, who influenced this area of philosophy and whose theories, though different have common features. These thinkers were Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. Some of the most characteristic features can be identified as a relying on the pragmatic maxim to clarify meanings of difficult concepts, and also an emphasis, that belief, knowledge and truth are actually a product of the process: inquiry. As most pragmatic theories, this one has roots in the minds of earlier philosophers and their philosophies, especially the Golden Age, the Scholastics and Immanuel Kant. They provide a solid background for an invaluable insight into the twist and twirl of ideas that developed in the more modern time. Due to the fact that truth through the pragmatic prism is quite often confused with a number of other notions, I believe that underlining these will put the subject matter into the proper context to contrast. Truth is a term used to describe those beliefs that are capable of reliably guiding action to an expected outcome. We call a belief true when it successfully leads us to an anticipated experience. For example, my belief that there will be a full moon on the 30th of this month counts as true when, sure enough, I look at the sky that night and see a full moon. When that happens, we can certainly say this belief is now true, but we are naturally tempted to wonder if this belief was true a few weeks ago, when I first wrote these words. A classical conception of truth is that it is the good of logic, in a case in which logic is a normative science that is an examination into a good, or a value that looks for knowledge and ways to reach it. Most explorations of the very character of truth commence with the evaluation of the elements that make up that truth. In judging whether the carrier of information, meaning and significance are undeniably truth-bearers. If we take things into consideration in a very general matter, there are slim chances that the judgment of a work, proving to be either true or false, will become set in stone; it will most probably always remain a judgment call, as it is more commonly referred to. Nevertheless there are many properly delineated areas in which it is indeed useful to consider disciplined forms of evaluation and the observation of these leads to and permits the method to come into existence and further judge truth and falsity. Theories of truth can be depicted taking into account the several aspects of description that affect the quality of what is true. The truth predicates used in various theories can be classified by the number of things that condition the proper judgment of a sign, the sign being one of the very first things to be looked at. Formal logic calls this the arity of the predicate. Another division can be made in accordance with the subdivision of any number of more specific characters that theorists consider crucial A mondiac truth predicate is one that applies to its main subject typically a concrete representation or its abstract content independently of reference to anything else. In this case a truthbearer is true in and of itself. A dyadic truth predicate applies to its main subject only in reference to something else, a second subject. Most commonly, the auxiliary subject is either an object, an interpreter, or a language to which the representation bears some relation. The third form of truth predicate is the triadic one, which applies to its main subject only in reference to a second and third subject. In a pragmatic theory of truth, for example, one has to state clearly both the object of the sign, and either its interpreter or another sign called the interpretant, before it can be said that the sign is true of its object to its interpreting agent. Numerous requirements must regarded with respect to any fundamentally simple scheme of classification, as real practice rarely has any pure types, and there are circumstances in which it is useful to mention of a theory of truth that is almost k-adic, or that would be k-adic if specific features could be abstract away and neglected in a certain framework of discussion. William James was an original thinker in and between the disciplines of physiology, psychology and philosophy. His twelve-hundred page masterwork, The Principles of Psychology (1890), is a rich blend of physiology, psychology, philosophy, and personal reflection that has given us such ideas as the stream of thought and the babys impression of the world as one great blooming, buzzing confusion (PP 462). It contains seeds of pragmatism and phenomenology, and influenced generations of thinkers in Europe and America, including Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, John Dewey, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. James studied at Harvards Lawrence Scientific School and the School of Medicine, but his writings were from the outset as much philosophical as scientific. Some Remarks on Spencers Notion of Mind as Correspondence (1878) and The Sentiment of Rationality (1879, 1882) presage his future pragmatism and pluralism, and contain the first statements of his view that philosophical theories are reflectio ns of a philosophers temperament. William James argued a century ago for a conception of truth that establishes a clear middle way between the rigid logicism of contemporary analytical philosophy and the relativity of contemporary hermeneutics and deconstructionism. James argued for a humanistic and practical conception of truth, rooted in human experience and indexed to available evidence, and the perspective of human individuals or groups. His conception of the pragmatic theory is often summarized by his statement, that: the true is only is only the expedient in our way of thinking, just as the right is only the expedient in our way of behaving. Jamess take on truth and knowledge is a quite unique one. He separates two ways of knowing things, one being an intuitive knowledge, in direct experience, as a person would see an apple on the table, which he describes as an all around embracing of the object by thought, or one could know through an outer chain of physical or mental intermediaries connecting thought and thing as Europeans know the rainforests. James held that the intuitive form of knowledge was direct understanding, unmediated by anything, and truth for intuitive knowledge was a matter of direct consciousness in the flow of experience. For theoretical or representative knowledge, to know that a belief was true was to lead to it through a context which the world supplies Speaking about the truth and some theoretical representations of reality, it can be stated that a person has not the freedom to hypothesize any theories or facts he pleases, because of the complexity of the process: in direct experience of either an immediate and intuitive kind, or of an intellectual kind meaning processes within the circumstances the world supplies. These circumstances for creating rational ideas comprise processes in nature, representational systems, social world, and a connection between the stream of consciousness and all of the beforehand mentioned elements. These intellectual experiences offer a verification process and are integrated in the verification process of future truths as well. Beliefs at any time are so much experience funded. But the beliefs are themselves parts of the sum total of the worlds experience, and become matter, therefore, for the next days funding operations. So far as reality means experienceable reality, both it and the truths men gain about it are everlastingly in process of mutation-mutation towards a definite goal, it may be-but still mutation. Jamess metaphor linking the value of true knowledge with those of banking operations underlines the fact that truth must be advantageous. Experiences creating the basis of a truth must be interconnected themselves, thus theories and facts must be repeatedly modified if changes in circumstance occur. In Jamess words, the pragmatic theory of truth is True ideas are those that we can assimilate, validate, corroborate and verify. False ideas are those we cannot. That is the practical difference it makes to us to have true ideas; that, therefore is the meaning of truth, for it is all that truth is known-as. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The truth of an idea is not a stagnant property inherent in it. Truth happens to an idea. It becomes true, is made true by events. Its verity is in fact an event, a process, the process namely of its verifying itself, its verification. Its validity is the process of its validation. Starting from this idea, to James the truth and contexts of conscious experience, interaction with processes of the surrounding world, connection between things and ideas, also theories we have of the world and its mechanisms were inseparable. According to James there are on occasion two different explanations are in equal measure compatible with the facts, though there usually are not. Finding enough unruly facts will lead to a revision of theories, which will make people search for innovative facts and ideas. To obtain the notion of absolute truth one must look backward to the history of development of the notion and the history of corrections it suffered through the process of formation. Euclidean Geometry, Ptolemaic Physics and Astronomy, and Scholastic Logic and Metaphysics have all been replaced through the development of new systems of fact and theories. On the other hand, if we look into the future and see before our spiritual eyes an absolute truth toward which we are heading, we are clearly making a mistake and James said that new truth can exist only as consequences of new theories. For truths surface from facts, but they also move forward and add to them, out of which repeatedly new facts and new truths come into existence. James views rationalists conception that truth has no connection with practical reasoning as a mistake, just like the sentimentalist myth about morality. Kant argued that morality was a question of abstract, general truths discovered from pure reason through a categorical imperative. This suggests that acts can only be morel if they succumb to a logical rule and never because of certain feelings or positive consequences they will result in. In Kants point of view, only logical coherence with a categorical imperative counts in establishing morality, and that experience is irrelevant. Jamess take on this is that he holds that Kantian moralists could define and theoreticise about justice, but could not identify it in real life. He said both truth and morality have to be matters of practice in experience, otherwise they are basically meaningless. James also considered truth-seeking a form of humanistic endeavor, rooted in human life. The moral, emotional and knowledge-seeking functions of human life can not be as radically divorced from one another as the Platonism inherent in math and science sometimes misleads abstractly-oriented people to believe. James said that all true processes must lead to the face of directly verifying sensible experiences somewhere. He also extended his pragmatic theory well beyond the scope of scientific verifiability, and even into the realm of the mystical: On pragmatic principles, if the hypothesis of God works satisfactorily in the widest sense of the word, then it is true. True ideas are copies if their realities. Jamess other idea is that truth is not made for us, instead we jointly create, make truth. In this sense truth is mutable (changeable, variable) and relative to a conceptual scheme. Truth is not predefined in pragmatism, in Jamess perspective beliefs are not true until validated by verification. He believed propositions become true over the line of continuously proving to be useful in a persons specific situation. So, with James, and also Schiller, things are made true through verification this being largely rejected by most pragmatists. Nevertheless the idea that there can be no truths without some sort of conceptual scheme to express them, is a generally accepted one. Unless we decide upon how we are going to use concepts like object, existance, etc., the question how many objects exist does not really make any sense. But once we decide the use of these concepts, the answer to the above-mentioned question within that use or version, to put in Nelson Goodmans phrase, is no more a matter of convention. (Maitra 200 p. 40) The pragmatic theory of truth is an unmistaken result of the American pragmatic philosophical thinking of the early and mid twentieth century. As I stated before, through this prism the nature of truth is identified with the principle of action. An oversimplified way of putting it would be that truth, as such, does not exist in some conceptual, theoretical area of thought independent of social relationship or actions, but rather truth is a function of a dynamic process of engagement with the world and verification. Despite the fact that this notion is associated predominantly with the work of William James and James Dewey, some traces of the pragmatic theory of truth are present in the works of Peirce too, who says that there is no distinction of meaning so fine as to consist in anything but a possible difference of practice. The gist of this is that a person cannot imagine a truth or belief, unless imagining I what way that matters in the world also. For example the truth of the idea that ice is cold cannot be comprehended or accepted without also understanding what coldness means in context with other objects too, like cold water, cold feet and so on. A consequence of this is that the discovery of truth happens only through interaction with the world. Truth cannot be found while sitting idly on a chair and thinking about things. People search for belief, not doubt, and this happens on every one of the numerous occasions we come in contact with the world, may that be while doing research or just putting ourselves out there, coming into contact with our surroundings. A number of significant changes were brought about by James in relation to a better understanding of truth. The most crucial being probably the revision of the public character of truth. William James made a number of important changes to the Pragmatist understanding of truth. He shifted the process of belief-formation, application, experimentation, and observation from the general to a more intimate level, that of the individual. In this way, a belief turned into truth, when it proved to have practical use in the life of the individual. His theory was that it took time until a person could get from pretending that a belief was true and acting as such, until it actually became useful, helpful and productive, and indeed seen and considered true. An important field of application of this theory of truth was that of religion, particularly the question of the existence of God. Taken from his book Pragmatism is a statement which is as follows: On pragmatic principles, if the hypothesis of God works satisfactorily in the widest sense of the word, it is true. While in The Meaning of Truth: The true is only the expedient in our way of thinking, just as the right is only the expedient in our way of behavior. Jamess theory and the pragmatic theory in general, as any other philosophical theory, can be confronted on a number of levels. Questions can be raised concerning the ambiguity of terms and of consequences and results. What does what works mean exactly, if taken as James suggests it in the widest sense of the word? Also how can one judge a complex paradigms truth value if it is not 100 percent inclining one way or the other? If we state something like It is useful to assume I will pass my exams., that is not at all the same as the statement that It is true that I will pass my exams. It doesnt work that way. True beliefs are not always useful, and vice-versa, useful ones are not always true. Nietzsche put it like this: The falseness of a judgement is not necessarily an objection to a judgment: it is here that our new language perhaps sounds strangest. The question is to what extent it is life-advancing, life-preserving, species-preserving, perhaps even species-breeding; and our fundamental tendency is to assert that the falsest judgements (to which synthetic judgments a priori belong ) are the most indispensable to us, that without granting as true the fictions of logic, without measuring reality against the purely invented world of the unconditional and self-identical, without a continual falsification of the world by means of numbers, mankind could not live that to renounce false judgements would be to renounce life, would be to deny life. To recognize untruth as a condition of life: that, to be sure, means to resist customary value-sentiments in a dangerous fashion; and a philosophy which ventures to do so places itself , by that act alone, beyond good and evil. (Beyond Good and Evil, 333) Now, Pragmatism may be a handy means for distinguishing truth from untruth. After all, that which is true should produce predictable consequences for us in our lives. In order to determine what is real and what is unreal, it would not be unreasonable to focus primarily upon that which works. This, however, is not quite the same as the Pragmatic Theory of Truth as described by William James.

Reservoir Dogs... :: Movie Film Reservoir Dogs Essays

Reservoir Dogs... The first time I saw Reservoir Dogs I knew it was something different (I didn?t see any Tarantino?s films before). It was the first time I payed more attention to the characters dialogue than to the visual appearance of the film itself The dialogues in Tarantino?s films are its more powerful resource. They both tells the story and sets the mood for it. I remember I was reading Stephen King?s ?The Dead Zone? when I got hold of Tarantino?s screenplay for Reservoir Dogs. I left Stephen King for a while and read the screenplay in one sitting (I didn?t get much sleep that night). I got so carried away I couldn?t stop until Mr White died ?blown out of frame, leaving it empty?. It was brilliant. For me there is always an overlap between comics and film. Before a film is shot, most of the time a storyboard is done to show the cameras? angles and perspectives of the shot. I just see a storyboard like a comicbook with equal sized panels and more (or less) depending on what you want to show in-between key panels for the story (that?s the reason why so many comic artists sometimes are hired for storyboarding). Telling a story is the main aim for films and comicbooks . In films, the director (in comics is the penciller) is in charge of how the story is told. I will analyse some of Tarantino?s influences in Reservoir Dogs and his trademarks (he?s got such a distinctive style in directing, that you can just tell a film is made by him by just watching a couple of scenes of any movie he has made). I thought it may be interesting to include a chapter in this essay paying special attention to comicbooks that influenced Tarantino?s films such as ?Fantastic Four?(in reservoir Dogs Mr Orange is influenced by the Thing) and ~?Si1ver Surfer? (Tarantino included this character in some of the dialogue in ?Crimson Tide). But then I thought ?Tarantino references the Bible in Jules dialogue in Pulp Fiction?. I did a comicbook about the Bible when I was doing my Foundation Course in MAD (Kent Institute of Art & Design). Violence, sex and betrayal are themes that appear in Tarantino?s films as well as in some of the comics I?ve done. I thought I?ll give a chapter to talk about it.

Neonatal Medicine: CPAP and Ventilation in Neonatal Respiratory Distress

You are reviewing Nathan, a 12 hour old neonate with respiratory distress. He is 37 weeks gestation and was born by caesarean section following failure to progress. The oxygen saturation is 94% in 50% FiO2, the respiratory rate is 80. There is moderate intercostal recession and an occasional grunt. Your hospital participated in the â€Å"bubbles for babies† trial and you have just started to use CPAP in your unit now the trial is finished. Your registrar suggests using CPAP on this neonate, but the nursing staff have called you to arrange transfer. Questions: Would you use CPAP or ventilate and transfer this neonate? Please give reasons for your choice with reference to the current literature. In your answer you should also consider the following main points: †¢ the benefits of CPAP over ventilation, particularly with reference to your current practice environment †¢ the potential complications of CPAP †¢ reasons why ventilation may be required even though CPAP is in situ. The baby Nathan is suffering from Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, which is a condition most often seen in newborn babies and is characterized by a difficulty in breathing.   The condition more frequently develops in prematurely born babies as their lungs are not fully developed.   The lubricant that lines the inner membranes of the lungs (known as ‘surfactant’) is deficient, thus causing difficulty in inflating the lungs and resulting in the air sacs collapsing. Surfactant helps to lower the surface tension of water that is present on the alveoli, thus helping to prevent the lung sacs from collapsing.   Usually, the condition develops in infants born before the 38 week.   The baby is cyanosed and has difficulty in breathing.   The accessory muscles of respiration are active and a frequent grunting sound is heard.   The other symptoms that may be observed include nasal flaring, shallow breathing, swollen legs, unusual movement of the chest wall, etc. The infant may be hypoxic and the CO2 levels in the blood rise.   The symptoms usually develop at birth, or a little while after birth.   The symptoms tend to worsen and may progress to respiratory failure and death.   As the prematurity increases, so does the chance of developing this condition.   This is because surfactant is produced only during the later stages of gestation in the infant.   The diagnosis of RDS in babies is made based on the history, presence of certain risk factors, Chest X-ray, Blood tests, CSF studies, lung tests, blood gas analysis, etc (Greene, 2007 & Merck, 2005). When a neonatal is born, certain signs are observed which include:- a heart rate between 110 to 150 beats per minute a respiratory rate between 40 to 70 breathes per minute absence of cyanosis, nasal flaring, grunting sounds, forceful use of accessory muscles during respiration, etc Oxygen saturation which is about 95 % the P ao2 is higher than 50 % the FiO2 is about 40 to 50 % (CCM, 2007, NGC, 2008, & Millar et al, 2004) Previously, for the treatment of RDS, ventilatory support was utilized.   This may be utilized if the blood carbon dioxide levels are high, the blood oxygen levels are low, and if acidosis sets in.   To some extent ventilation helps to reduce the infant mortality rate arising from RDS, but the morbidity to develop Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (a condition characterized by oedema of the air sacs and of the connective tissues due to persistent inflammation) is high as the young neonatal lungs are damaged from ventilation. One of the treatments that have been developed in order to overcome the limitations of ventilation is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP).   This is an advanced form of therapy in which the upper and the lower airways receive a continuous distending pressure through the infant’s pharynx and/or nose throughout the respiratory cycle.   An endotracheal tube can also be utilized.   The device is connected to a gas source that provides humidified warm air continuously (NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Tidy, 2007). CPAP has several benefits including:- helps to maintain a normal breathing pattern helps to arrive at normal functional residual capacity helps to lower any airway resistance in the upper respiratory tract helps to prevent development of apnea prevents the airways and the air sacs from collapsing helps stimulate release of surfactant helps to increase the lung volume and lung function After expiration, CPAP helps to keep the air sacs open The chances of developing lung trauma such as barotrauma and atelectotrauma are lesser (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). CPAP is required in several situations that arise from RDS including:- When it is difficult to maintain the Pa02 above 50 %. When the respiratory rate is above 70 breathes per minute Excessive use of the accessory muscles of respiration The oxygen saturation falls to between 90 to 95 % The presence of apnea It can be utilized along with administration of surfactant that develops out of the   Ã‚  need to treat RDS (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). As the patient is not suffering from a severe form of RDS and the oxygen saturation levels have not dropped to a serious extent, ventilatory support is not required, and the patient can be treated with CPAP.   Besides, the findings do not suggest that the patient is suffering from a cardiovascular complication, an upper respiratory tract abnormality or intractable apneic episodes.   Along with CPAP, several other measures are required such as using larger nasal prongs, ensuring that the baby is in a prone position and keeping a towel below the neck.   This helps to ensure that the certain areas are aerated better (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004). CPAP has several complications including:- mucous from the upper respiratory tract may block the nasopharyngeal tube that delivers CPAP Sometimes blockages may result in the pressure rising to higher levels in the tube If the peak pressure is very high, then gastric complications can develop The nasopharyngeal tube has to be placed in exact position.   Any deviation from the position can result in fluctuation of the air pressure The nasal devices may be swallowed or aspirated resulting in severe complications Sometimes harnesses may be utilized to place the head and the neck in position.   This may cause serious dermatological and musculoskeletal complications in the infant Air leakage problems in the lungs Abdominal distention Decrease in the cardiac output Higher working of breathing pneumothoraces and air embolism can also develop Cardiac monitoring needs to be performed more closely in the case of CPAP compared to ventilation often air leaks from the nose and the mouth it may be very difficult to control the air press ure in the lower airways If CPAP is applied to an infant with normal lungs, several problems can develop Several respiratory complications such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumopericardium can develop (CCM, 2007, Sehgal, 2003, NGC, 2008, Millar et al, 2004, Halamek et al, 2006) References: California College of Midwives (20080, Guidelines for Assessing the Neonate, [Online], Available: http://www.collegeofmidwives.org/Standards_2004/Standards_MBC_SB1950/Assess_HealthyNeonate_Oct2004_OOO.htm [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Greene, A. (2007), Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, [Online], Available: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001563.htm [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Halamek, L. P. Et al (2006), Continuous Positive Airway Pressure During Neonatal Resuscitation, Clin Perinatol, 33, pp. 83-98. http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/91421747-3/jorg=journal&source=MI&sp=16080552&sid=690389052/N/525142/s0095510805001235.pdf?issn=0095-5108 Millar, D., & Kirpalani, H. (2004), Benefits of Non Invasive Ventilation, Indian Pediatrics, 41, pp. 1008-1017. http://www.indianpediatrics.net/oct2004/oct-1008-1017.htm NGC (2008), Complete Summary, [Online], Available: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=6516&nbr=4085, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Sehgal A. Et al (2003), Improving Oxygenation in Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress, [Online], Available: http://www.indianpediatrics.net/dec2003/1210.pdf, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. The Merck Manual (2005). Respiratory Distress Syndrome, [Online], Available: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec19/ch277/ch277h.html, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2]. Tidy, C. (2006), Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), [Online], Available: http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000462/, [Retrieved on: 2008, April 2].

Free Essays on Ramsey Campbell Analyzed

John (Ramsey) Campbell, a twentieth century British writer, has been said to be creating â€Å"his own patented brand of short horror tale[s],† (â€Å"Horror Fiction,† 86). From the 1970’s to present day, the comparisons to H.P. Lovecraft and the examinations of his short stories have been numerous. These findings give evidence to Campbell’s concern with the psychological horror. Ever since he picked up his first issue of â€Å"Weird Tales† he has been enthralled with these terrors. In his short story, â€Å"The Sneering†, it can be analyzed in regard to symbolism, tone and characterization. Campbell’s most memorable childhood memories were those of being petrified. He had begun to read adult horror fiction at age eight to crave his hunger for terror. He soon began writing at eleven years of age. He knew that â€Å"most writers start by imitating their favorites† (PSFG, 1), so he pursued in imitating his favorite author, H.P. Lovecraft. Further more his own home life affected his work. His mother went mad, and the fear of his father was tremendous. Even Campbell himself declared that â€Å"while the supernatural elements in these tales weren’t autobiographical, the feelings were,† (PSFG, 2). John Ramsey Campbell, born in 1946, originates from a town called Liverpool. He publicated his first novel Demons by Daylight in 1973, and released his debut work of fiction in 1976, entitled The Doll Who Ate His Mother. While writing his early novels he had been working at the tax office and library as well. After he published his second collec tion he decided to write full time. He received his first literary award, the World Fantasy Award, for â€Å"The Chimney† in 1978. He later received this award again in 1980. Another award he earned was the British Fantasy Award, which he grasped in 1978 for â€Å"The Bag.† This award was also received in 1980, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1994. In 1992 he commemorated thirty years of... Free Essays on Ramsey Campbell Analyzed Free Essays on Ramsey Campbell Analyzed John (Ramsey) Campbell, a twentieth century British writer, has been said to be creating â€Å"his own patented brand of short horror tale[s],† (â€Å"Horror Fiction,† 86). From the 1970’s to present day, the comparisons to H.P. Lovecraft and the examinations of his short stories have been numerous. These findings give evidence to Campbell’s concern with the psychological horror. Ever since he picked up his first issue of â€Å"Weird Tales† he has been enthralled with these terrors. In his short story, â€Å"The Sneering†, it can be analyzed in regard to symbolism, tone and characterization. Campbell’s most memorable childhood memories were those of being petrified. He had begun to read adult horror fiction at age eight to crave his hunger for terror. He soon began writing at eleven years of age. He knew that â€Å"most writers start by imitating their favorites† (PSFG, 1), so he pursued in imitating his favorite author, H.P. Lovecraft. Further more his own home life affected his work. His mother went mad, and the fear of his father was tremendous. Even Campbell himself declared that â€Å"while the supernatural elements in these tales weren’t autobiographical, the feelings were,† (PSFG, 2). John Ramsey Campbell, born in 1946, originates from a town called Liverpool. He publicated his first novel Demons by Daylight in 1973, and released his debut work of fiction in 1976, entitled The Doll Who Ate His Mother. While writing his early novels he had been working at the tax office and library as well. After he published his second collec tion he decided to write full time. He received his first literary award, the World Fantasy Award, for â€Å"The Chimney† in 1978. He later received this award again in 1980. Another award he earned was the British Fantasy Award, which he grasped in 1978 for â€Å"The Bag.† This award was also received in 1980, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1994. In 1992 he commemorated thirty years of...

Free Essays on Prejudice In Education

Prejudice in Education â€Å"Prejudice, may be formally defined as the judgment of people, objects, or situations in a stereotypical way (Popenoe 2000; 246). It is a belief that is based upon unsubstantiated generalizations and ignorance toward those un-favored. Prejudgments such as a college student choosing a type of roommate or a business executive hiring someone occur on a daily basis. However, when an individual fails to discard prejudgments because of new evidence their thoughts become prejudices. Sociologists emphasize that prejudice is learned from friends and family (Popenoe 20002; 247). But, what about at school, where a child is suppose to be fostered? Do children learn prejudices while learning the three R’s? The typical public school teacher is a middle-class white female. The typical curricula, tests, and learning tools used in public schools were created by middle-class educators and are geared toward the needs of middle-class children. Educators may not always be able to communicate as well with lower-class students as they can with middle class student. A poor minority student may have trouble understanding English if English is not his/her first language or if English is not spoken in his/her home. These factors and so many more are what cause students to learn their differences and are what foster future prejudices says J. Oakes, an educational sociologist. Oakes suggests that one of the reasons this happens is because of the existence of a â€Å"hidden curriculum,† one in which teachers’ expectations and judgments are based on behavior traits that are a part of each student’s home life and are brought to the classroom. Oakes found that schools can help stu dents to overcome class barriers by responding to cultural differences as well as by using the same types of skills in all levels of tracking. Though the school cannot separate students from their family environment and peer group they can help ... Free Essays on Prejudice In Education Free Essays on Prejudice In Education Prejudice in Education â€Å"Prejudice, may be formally defined as the judgment of people, objects, or situations in a stereotypical way (Popenoe 2000; 246). It is a belief that is based upon unsubstantiated generalizations and ignorance toward those un-favored. Prejudgments such as a college student choosing a type of roommate or a business executive hiring someone occur on a daily basis. However, when an individual fails to discard prejudgments because of new evidence their thoughts become prejudices. Sociologists emphasize that prejudice is learned from friends and family (Popenoe 20002; 247). But, what about at school, where a child is suppose to be fostered? Do children learn prejudices while learning the three R’s? The typical public school teacher is a middle-class white female. The typical curricula, tests, and learning tools used in public schools were created by middle-class educators and are geared toward the needs of middle-class children. Educators may not always be able to communicate as well with lower-class students as they can with middle class student. A poor minority student may have trouble understanding English if English is not his/her first language or if English is not spoken in his/her home. These factors and so many more are what cause students to learn their differences and are what foster future prejudices says J. Oakes, an educational sociologist. Oakes suggests that one of the reasons this happens is because of the existence of a â€Å"hidden curriculum,† one in which teachers’ expectations and judgments are based on behavior traits that are a part of each student’s home life and are brought to the classroom. Oakes found that schools can help stu dents to overcome class barriers by responding to cultural differences as well as by using the same types of skills in all levels of tracking. Though the school cannot separate students from their family environment and peer group they can help ...

St.Paul's and St.Peter's Baroque Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

St.Paul's and St.Peter's Baroque Styles - Essay Example It is worth noting the significance of the two church buildings: St.Peter’s Basilica is the seat of the papacy, while St. Paul’s Cathedral is the Anglican’s biggest cathedral and one of the most recognizable sights in the City of London (Murray, 1970). As such, St.Peter’s Basilica reflects the Roman Catholic aspirations while St. Paul’s Cathedral is a manifestation of the Protestants’ authority. Brigg and Martin (1967) explain that in the 17th Century the Roman Catholic church fought off the encroachment by protestant reformation; The society of Jesus(Jesuits), making it their duty to defend the ways of the church against what they considered to be protestant attacks. In order to fully highlight the variations in Baroque style across Europe and with St. Paul’s and St.Peter’s as the case-studies, it is imperative to identify the design constants and unique features that identified Baroque Art and Architecture. Both Zirpolo (2008 ) and Summerson (1964) found that Baroque Architecture manifested the following salient features: (1) Use of undulating motifs in interior and exterior spaces - even columns was designed to undulate. (2) Distinctive use of vaults arches and buttresses - Churches were characterized with vaulted ceilings. (3) Flamboyant use of sculptures, statues and paintings in spaces. (4) A faà §ade characterized by a prominent dome, and an interior marked with a grand nave, and (5) Stylish exploitation of the play of light in interior spaces. It is these distinctive features. that the author will use as parameters to gauge the regional variations in the architecture of both St. Peter’s Basilica and St. Paul’s Cathedral. However, both churches have their own unique elements that might not be present in the other. For instance, St.Peter has a unique Baldachin below the dome. A major cause

Photovoltaic cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Photovoltaic cells - Research Paper Example PV cells energy conversion efficiency has now crossed mark of 20 percent. Several companies, universities and research institutions are doing intense research and development work to reduce the cost further so that its economics fare favorably to other competing energy systems. There has been considerable headway in the research and it is quite likely that it will become one of the most prominent technologies among all renewable sources of energy in next 10 years. Being eco friendly, it has the capacity to meet the current and future energy needs of mankind. Introduction Photovoltaic Cell is a technique to generate direct current through solar radiation using semiconductors. The PV cell technology is useful to produce electricity particularly, at the location where grid system is not available. This paper will study the technology, types of photovoltaic cells, current status, its economics, engineering issues, technological advances, future scope and the direction that the industry m ake take. Off-the-Grid Systems Off-the-grid system is useful when electricity demand cannot be met through grid due to its isolated locations. The benefit of the off-the-grid system is that it is self reliant, not dependent on any outside source, using some renewable source of energy such as solar. ... Solar radiation falls on PV cell to energize the electron producing DC current. Inverter converts DC current to AC. Energy is stored in array of batteries. The efficiency of photovoltaic cells is a key parameter to convert solar energy into usable energy. Van Geet home is a typical off-grid system for generating energy based on solar power. It is a remote location near Denver in Colorado. Several renewable-energy features along with energy-conservation measures have been incorporated in this home. The design of this home is studied as an ideal research home. It has photovoltaic based solar power system. The house is said to have achieved 89% energy savings. The system uses 1000-watt amorphous silicon PV with a tracking controller. It surpasses the norms of 70% HVAC and energy savings for Building America research homes. It has been now recognized as a model home and taken for further study and research as energy saving designs in US. (Barley et al 2004) Below mentioned diagram shows a typical off-grid energy system. Source: http://homepower.com/basics/solar/#MainDCDisconnect Mobile homes also use similar PV based energy system to meet their energy needs. Major components in such systems are PV Cells, Charge controller, Battery Bank, and inverter. PV Cells Working of Photovoltaics Solar energy is converted to electricity through photovoltaics. The technology exploits the photoelectric property of certain material that absorbs photons of light to release the electrons. These free electrons cause electric current to flow that can be used for our needs (Knier 2002). PV Cell is a chief component and the heart of such energy systems. More than 50 percent of the cost of the energy system is attributed to PV module. For this reason, the